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音頻科普：古代宗族斗爭可解釋基因多樣性驟減
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音頻科普：古代宗族斗爭可解釋基因多樣性驟減
Some 5,000 to 7,000 years ago, the diversity of Y chromosomes plummeted. A new analysis suggests clan warfare may have been the cause.5000到7000年前，Y染色體多樣性驟減。一項新研究分析，宗族爭斗可能是導致Y染色體多樣性驟減的原因。
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撰文\播音：克里斯托弗·因塔利亞塔（Christopher Intagliata）
翻譯：陳美娟
校對：張藝簫
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Men inherit their?Y chromosomes?from their fathers. And they get an almost exact copy, other than a few mutations. Meaning very little changes about the Y chromosome from generation to generation.?
男性Y染色體從他們的父親那里遺傳而來。除了很少部分的突變外，他們的Y染色體幾乎得到完整復制。這意味著一代又一代間Y染色體很少有改變。
"You may just have 100 people with the same Y chromosome, because they're all descended from one man."?Marcus Feldman, a population geneticist at Stanford. "They all had this great great-great-great-great-great-great-grandfather. And every male relative of that individual who's a first-degree relative has the same Y chromosome."
“也許你可以找到100個具有與你相同的Y染色體的人，因為他們有同一個男性祖先。”斯坦福大學的一名人口基因學家馬爾克斯·菲爾德曼（Marcus Feldman）說“他們都有同一個曾曾曾曾曾曾曾祖父。并且他們的每一個一級直系男性親戚都有同樣的Y染色體。”
Researchers have thus used Y chromosome data—along with mitochondrial DNA, which is passed down only by our mothers—to investigate aspects of ancient populations. For example, one recent study found a huge drop in Y chromosome diversity five-to-seven thousand years ago. At the same time,?mitochondrial?DNA diversity continued to grow, implying a possible crash in the male population, with 17 women to every man. But:
研究者因此使用Y染色體數據——以及線粒體DNA數據，一種只由母親遺傳的信息——來調查古人口的組成。例如，近期的一個研究發(fā)現，5-7千年前Y染色體多樣性劇減。同時，線粒體DNA多樣性持續(xù)增長，這表明男性人口可能驟減到17名女性對應一名男性的地步。但是：
"It seemed to us that the 17-to-1 sex ratio was just too extreme to be real."?
“在我們看來，17:1的性別比極端到違背現實。”
So Feldman and his team used computational models to investigate other ideas. And they found that bloody fights between genetically homogenous clans could have produced the same results. "Essentially we're saying the clans fighting one another are built around having the same Y chromosome."
因此菲爾德曼與他的團隊使用計算機模擬模型來探索可能的原因。他們發(fā)現，同基因的宗族間發(fā)生的血腥斗爭可能會帶來同樣的模擬結果。“基本上，我們認為宗族間的互相爭斗導致擁有相同Y染色體這種現象的發(fā)生。”
Imagine a single deadly battle knocking out a whole clan of men with the same Y chromosomes. Then repeat that unpleasant scenario a few times. You’d get a huge drop in the diversity of Y chromosomes, as the victorious clans won battles and expanded. The details are in the journal?Nature Communications. [Tian Chen Zeng, Alan J. Aw & Marcus W. Feldman,?Cultural hitchhiking and competition between patrilineal kin groups explain the post-Neolithic Y-chromosome bottleneck]
想象一下，一場致命的斗爭淘汰了一整個宗族里擁有相同Y染色體的男人們。這個不幸的場景隨后又發(fā)生了幾次。當勝利的宗族贏得斗爭并擴張的時候，Y染色體多樣性也在劇減。這項研究的細節(jié)發(fā)表在《自然-通訊》雜志上。
Eventually, Y chromosome diversity bounced back, as smaller clan structures were replaced by large, genetically diverse cities and societies—a cultural innovation that we, too, inherited.
最終，隨著規(guī)模較小的宗族被規(guī)模更大、基因更多樣的城市和社會結構取代，Y染色體多樣性回彈了——我們，作為文明創(chuàng)新的一部分，也遺傳了這種多樣性。
?
Some 5,000 to 7,000 years ago, the diversity of Y chromosomes plummeted. A new analysis suggests clan warfare may have been the cause.5000到7000年前，Y染色體多樣性驟減。一項新研究分析，宗族爭斗可能是導致Y染色體多樣性驟減的原因。
?
撰文\播音：克里斯托弗·因塔利亞塔（Christopher Intagliata）
翻譯：陳美娟
校對：張藝簫
?
Men inherit their?Y chromosomes?from their fathers. And they get an almost exact copy, other than a few mutations. Meaning very little changes about the Y chromosome from generation to generation.?
男性Y染色體從他們的父親那里遺傳而來。除了很少部分的突變外，他們的Y染色體幾乎得到完整復制。這意味著一代又一代間Y染色體很少有改變。
"You may just have 100 people with the same Y chromosome, because they're all descended from one man."?Marcus Feldman, a population geneticist at Stanford. "They all had this great great-great-great-great-great-great-grandfather. And every male relative of that individual who's a first-degree relative has the same Y chromosome."
“也許你可以找到100個具有與你相同的Y染色體的人，因為他們有同一個男性祖先。”斯坦福大學的一名人口基因學家馬爾克斯·菲爾德曼（Marcus Feldman）說“他們都有同一個曾曾曾曾曾曾曾祖父。并且他們的每一個一級直系男性親戚都有同樣的Y染色體。”
Researchers have thus used Y chromosome data—along with mitochondrial DNA, which is passed down only by our mothers—to investigate aspects of ancient populations. For example, one recent study found a huge drop in Y chromosome diversity five-to-seven thousand years ago. At the same time,?mitochondrial?DNA diversity continued to grow, implying a possible crash in the male population, with 17 women to every man. But:
研究者因此使用Y染色體數據——以及線粒體DNA數據，一種只由母親遺傳的信息——來調查古人口的組成。例如，近期的一個研究發(fā)現，5-7千年前Y染色體多樣性劇減。同時，線粒體DNA多樣性持續(xù)增長，這表明男性人口可能驟減到17名女性對應一名男性的地步。但是：
"It seemed to us that the 17-to-1 sex ratio was just too extreme to be real."?
“在我們看來，17:1的性別比極端到違背現實。”
So Feldman and his team used computational models to investigate other ideas. And they found that bloody fights between genetically homogenous clans could have produced the same results. "Essentially we're saying the clans fighting one another are built around having the same Y chromosome."
因此菲爾德曼與他的團隊使用計算機模擬模型來探索可能的原因。他們發(fā)現，同基因的宗族間發(fā)生的血腥斗爭可能會帶來同樣的模擬結果。“基本上，我們認為宗族間的互相爭斗導致擁有相同Y染色體這種現象的發(fā)生。”
Imagine a single deadly battle knocking out a whole clan of men with the same Y chromosomes. Then repeat that unpleasant scenario a few times. You’d get a huge drop in the diversity of Y chromosomes, as the victorious clans won battles and expanded. The details are in the journal?Nature Communications. [Tian Chen Zeng, Alan J. Aw & Marcus W. Feldman,?Cultural hitchhiking and competition between patrilineal kin groups explain the post-Neolithic Y-chromosome bottleneck]
想象一下，一場致命的斗爭淘汰了一整個宗族里擁有相同Y染色體的男人們。這個不幸的場景隨后又發(fā)生了幾次。當勝利的宗族贏得斗爭并擴張的時候，Y染色體多樣性也在劇減。這項研究的細節(jié)發(fā)表在《自然-通訊》雜志上。
Eventually, Y chromosome diversity bounced back, as smaller clan structures were replaced by large, genetically diverse cities and societies—a cultural innovation that we, too, inherited.
最終，隨著規(guī)模較小的宗族被規(guī)模更大、基因更多樣的城市和社會結構取代，Y染色體多樣性回彈了——我們，作為文明創(chuàng)新的一部分，也遺傳了這種多樣性。
?
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